Showing posts with label retained earnings. Show all posts
Showing posts with label retained earnings. Show all posts

Buffett's Big 4 Investments in Marketable Securities - American Express, Coca Cola, IBM and Wells Fargo


-  Finally, we made two major investments in marketable securities:

  • (1) a $5 billion 6% preferred stock of Bank of America that came with warrants allowing us to buy 700 million common shares at $7.14 per share any time before September 2, 2021; and 
  • (2) 63.9 million shares of IBM that cost us $10.9 billion
Counting IBM, we now have large ownership interests in four exceptional companies:

  • 13.0% of American Express, 
  • 8.8% of Coca-Cola, 
  • 5.5% of IBM and 
  • 7.6% of Wells Fargo. 
  • (We also, of course, have many smaller, but important, positions.)


Comment:  "Buying wonderful company at fair price" and "holding period is forever".   This is classically Buffett's style.


We view these holdings as partnership interests in wonderful businesses, not as marketable securities to be bought or sold based on their near-term prospects. Our share of their earnings, however, are far from fully reflected in our earnings; only the dividends we receive from these businesses show up in our financial reports. Over time, though, the undistributed earnings of these companies that are attributable to our ownership are of huge importance to us. That’s because they will be used in a variety of ways to increase future earnings and dividends of the investee. They may also be devoted to stock repurchases, which will increase our share of the company’s future earnings.

Comment:  Buffett buys and holds for the long term.  He keeps these companies for their long-term prospects, knowing that he will obtain good returns from these companies, either through the dividends they distribute or through the undistributed growing earnings attributable to the owners from its reinvested retained earnings.


-  Had we owned our present positions throughout last year, our dividends from the “Big Four” would have been $862 million. That’s all that would have been reported in Berkshire’s income statement. Our share of this quartet’s earnings, however, would have been far greater: $3.3 billion. Charlie and I believe that the $2.4 billion that goes unreported on our books creates at least that amount of value for Berkshire as it fuels earnings gains in future years. We expect the combined earnings of the four – and their dividends as well – to increase in 2012 and, for that matter, almost every year for a long time to come. A decade from now, our current holdings of the four companies might well account for earnings of $7 billion, of which $2 billion in dividends would come to us.


Comment:  Only the dividends received are reported in Berkshire Hathaways account.  This is only a fraction (36%) of the actual earnings of $3.3 billion.  Buffett opines that these dividends will continue to grow as the retained earnings fuel earnings gains in future years.  I like the way Buffett projects the future earnings of these companies.

  • For present earnings of $3 billion to grow to $7 billion in 10 years, he is projecting a CAG of 8.84%.  
  • Projecting the dividends of $862 million growing to $2 billion in a decade is the equivalent of the dividends growing at a CAG of  8.77% for the same period.  
  • The growth rates used in his projections are very conservative (8.84% and 8.77%).  Maybe Buffett just uses his simple rule of thumb of doubling the earnings or dividends every 10 years.
  • Once again, he reiterates that $1 retained earnings by the company should deliver at least $1 value to the shareholder.

COMPOUNDING EFFECT OF GROWTH



Regular growth in earnings per share can have a compound effect if all, or substantially all, of the profits are retained. 

A company, for example, with earnings per share of 40 cents growing regularly 9 % would, in ten years produce earnings per share of 87 cents.

Of course, if the investor can do better with retained earnings than the company can, his or her interests are better served by a full distribution of profits.

Warren Buffett's Test for Retained Earnings


WARREN BUFFETT’S TEST FOR RETAINED EARNINGS

The test for Warren Buffett is whether company management can transform each dollar of earnings retained into no less than a dollar of market value. The period he implies that he uses is 5 years (on a rolling basis).

Using the retained earnings profitably is not enough for Warren Buffett. The retained earnings must increase earnings substantially. After all, just leaving the earnings in a savings account will increase earnings without any effort.

Warren Buffett has suggested to investors that they need to predict, after reasoned analysis, what rate of return a company will average over the near future. The rest is simple.

‘You should wish your earnings to be re-invested [by the company] if they can be expected to earn high returns, and you should wish them paid to you if low returns are the likely outcome of re-investment.’

AN ALTERNATE TEST FOR WARREN BUFFETT?


Mary Buffett and David Clark see Warren Buffett’s test from an additional perspective. They take the total value of the profits retained and use them to calculate the rate at which profits have increased by the use of that money.


Take for example, Canon Inc. Using figures available from Value Line, we can calculate that, in the period from 1993 to 2002, 
  • Alcoa earned a total of $9.56 per share. It paid a total of $ 1.55 to shareholders by way of dividends. 
  • This means it retained profits over that period amounting to $8.01.
  • In that period, earnings per share grew from .24 to 1.79. 
  • That is, all the profits retained by the company ($8.01 per share) resulted in the earnings per share rising 1.55 (1.79-.24). 
  • To show the return percentage, the calculation is

1.55 x 100 = 19.35
          8.01

A return of 19.35% would be acceptable to most investors but, in the end, shareholders would have to consider whether, had they received all the profits by way of dividends, they could have put the money to better use.

It is this ability to use retained earnings of a company to increase earnings at a higher than market rate that attracts successful investors like Warren Buffett.
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Wise Use of Retained Earnings


SPLITTING COMPANY PROFITS

When a corporation makes a profit, it can spend that profit in two ways:
a) return the profits to stockholders by way of dividends, share buy-backs or bonus issues;
b) use the money to increase the profitability of the company

For example, a company makes a profit of $100. 
  • It can pay this entire amount to stockholders who can then use that money as they think fit – spend on consumer items, make further investments, whatever. 
  • Or the company can use all that profit to invest in the business with a view to increasing profits in future years. 
  • Or the company can do a bit of both.


WISE USE OF RETAINED EARNINGS INTERESTS WARREN BUFFETT

To Warren Buffett, the ability to use retained earnings wisely is a sign of good company management. If the company management cannot do any better with earnings than he can, then he is better off if the company pays him the full amount in dividends.

Warren Buffett on Retained Earnings: For every dollar retained, at least one dollar of market value will be created for owners over 5 years.


WARREN BUFFETT ON RETAINED EARNINGS

In 1984, Warren Buffett made these comments:
‘Unrestricted earnings should be retained only where there is a reasonable prospect – backed preferably by historical evidence or, when appropriate by a thoughtful analysis of the future – that for every dollar retained by the corporation, at least one dollar of market value will be created for owners. This will happen only if the capital retained produces incremental earnings equal to, or above, those generally available to investors.’

WARREN BUFFETT’S TEST FOR RETAINED EARNINGS

The test for Warren Buffett is whether company management can transform each dollar of earnings retained into no less than a dollar of market value. The period he implies that he uses is 5 years (on a rolling basis).

Using the retained earnings profitably is not enough for Warren Buffett. 
  • The retained earnings must increase earnings substantially. 
  • After all, just leaving the earnings in a savings account will increase earnings without any effort.


Warren Buffett has suggested to investors that they need to predict, after reasoned analysis, what rate of return a company will average over the near future. The rest is simple.

‘You should wish your earnings to be re-invested [by the company] if they can be expected to earn high returns, and you should wish them paid to you if low returns are the likely outcome of re-investment.’

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY AND RETAINED EARNINGS


BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY AND RETAINED EARNINGS

Berkshire Hathaway does not, following Buffett’s mantra, pay dividends to its shareholders and this is one reason why its compound return over the years of Buffett-Munger management has been so high.

  • The downside of course is that shareholders have not received dividends, meaning, that if they were dependent on money coming in at a given time, their only recourse, in relation to their shareholding, would be to sell the shares or borrow against them.
  • Having regard to the huge price of a single share over the past few years, this meant that investors may have had to either keep all their shareholding or dispose of it, not always the choice they wanted. Berkshire Hathaway partly catered for this dilemma by introducing B shares, which are in essence a fractional unit of the normal shares.

A POWERFUL FORCE

When asked to nominate the most powerful force on earth, Albert Einstein is reputed to have answered ‘compound interest’. Buffett might well agree.

Compounding and Retained Earnings

Warren Buffet is said to look at the compounding factor when deciding on investments, requiring a stock investment to show a high probability of compound growth in earnings of at least 10 per cent before making an investment decision.

Warren Buffett has on several occasions referred to the use by a company of its retained earnings as a test of company management.
  • He tells us that, if a company can earn more money on retained earnings than the shareholder can, the shareholder is better off (taxation aside) if the company retains profits and does not pay them out in dividends. 
  • If the shareholder can achieve a higher rate of return than the company, the shareholder would be better off if the company paid out all its profits in dividends (taxation situation again excluded) so that they could use the money themselves.

Put simply, 
  • if a company can retain earnings to grow shareholder wealth at better than the market rates available to shareholders, it should do so. 
  • If it can’t, it should pay the earnings to shareholders and let them do with them what they wish.

Retained Earnings are central to the process of investment growth

A company adds up its income, subtracts its expenses, and pays any dividends due; what is left becomes retained earnings.  These are undistributed profits.

Undistributed profits or retained earnings are central to the process of investment growth.

The net worth of the company builds up through the reinvestment of undistributed earnings.

Corporate raiders in particular love to find a company with a lot of cash reserves accumulated from retained earnings.

There is a legitimate dispute over how much retained earnings are adequate, and at what level a company should let loose of some cash and distribute it to shareholders.

Overall, retained earnings like the payment of dividends, deliver a powerful message:  the company generates more cash than it needs for the operation of the business.

That's exactly what a good investment should do.  

These earnings, over and above total expenses and taxes, drive the share price higher.

Common stocks have one important investment characteristic and one important speculative characteristic.  
  • Their investment value and average market price tend to increase irregularly but persistently over the decades, as their net worth builds up through the reinvestment of undistributed earnings.
  • The speculative feature is no mystery.  It is the tendency toward excessive and irrational price fluctuations as investors (in Graham's words) "give way to hope, fear, and greed."